Opening Remarks
Grasping the evolution of special education laws is pivotal for understanding the current landscape of special education and the entitlements of students with disabilities. This guide meticulously maps out notable markers in the development of these legislations.
The Genesis of Special Education: Prior to 1970
Prior to the 1970s, there was no structured system for special education in America. Numerous disabled children were left out of public schools. However, the tides began to change in the 1960s following groundbreaking lawsuits like Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia, catalyzing enhanced rights for disabled students.
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) – 1975
This marked a pivotal moment in special education history. The EAHCA, later rebranded as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), assured free and appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment (LRE) for children with disabilities.
Protection Act for Handicapped Children – 1986
The Protection Act for Handicapped Children enabled parents to claim attorney’s fees in lawsuits against schools. This legislation promoted compliance with IDEA, thereby minimizing litigation.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) – 1990
The ADA established extensive rights for individuals with disabilities in all public life facets, including schools. It further bolstered IDEA by guaranteeing provisions for disabled students beyond the academic setting.
Refinements and Additions to IDEA – 1990s and 2000s
In 1997, IDEA amendments necessitated the participation of general educators in formulating Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). The 2004 reauthorization brought forth Response to Intervention (RTI) and underscored early intervention services.
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) – 2015
The ESSA supplanted the No Child Left Behind Act. It held all students, inclusive of those with disabilities, to lofty academic standards, targeting college and career readiness.
For deeper insights, you may want to explore significant insights on Joel Spring’s educational contributions and works.
Final Words
The trajectory of special education laws has been characterized by unceasing advancements in inclusivity and accessibility. Gaining a thorough understanding of this history is vital to appreciate and advocate for the rights of students with disabilities today. For more information, check out the Wikipedia page on Special Education.
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